Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the chronic slowly progressing disease characterized by irreversible or partially reversible (with application of bronchial spasmolytics or other treatments) obstruction of a bronchial tree. It is considered that COPD is a combination of an emphysema and affection of a bronchial tree and, as a rule, it is complicated by a pulmonary hypertensia, that is clinically manifested by respiratory insufficiency and signs of pulmonary heart.
According to American Thoracic Society the pulmonary emphysema (PE) is the anatomic alteration of lungs, characterized by pathological expansion of air spaces, located distal to terminal bronchiole and accompanied by destructive changes of alveolar walls. According to this definition, the obligatory symptom of PE is not only expansion, but also destruction of respiratory parts of lungs in the absence of the manifested signs of a pneumosclerosis. The emphysema is usually classified on the basis of changes in acinus and a secondary pulmonary segment.
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