Wide spread of skin diseases dictates a necessity in
early and maximum accurate diagnostics, because severe forms of skin diseases
decrease greatly quality of life of a patient and his family, promote
development of a psychosomatic disorders. Visual evaluation of symptoms and
severity of a disease often has subjective nature.
From histological point of view skin consists of two
layers: epidermis and derma which are closely connected. On histological
cross-cuts of skin a line between epidermis and derma looks uneven due to
presence of many dermal papillae divided by outgrowths of epidermis. Epidermis
consists of several layers: basal, spinous, granular and horny. In epidermis of
palms and feet, between granular and horny layers there is additional layer –
stratum lucidum. Sometimes the aggregate of basal, spinous and granular layers
is called a malpighian layer.
Derma is a connective basis of skin, where
perspiratory and sebaceous glands, blood and lymph vessels, nerves and smooth
muscles are located. There are papillary and reticular layers of derma.
Papillary layer, located under epidermis, and a part of reticular layer
conditionally form upper derma; layer of derma located at the level of
pilosebaceous unit is indicated as middle derma; the underlying layer containing
perspiratory glands, bordering subcutaneous fat, is called a deep
derma.
Blood vessels of skin form two anatomic plexuses: a
deep one, located next to subcutaneous fat, and a superficial one, located in
sub-papillary layer. They consist of microcirculatory bloodstream vessels:
arterioles, venules and capillary tubes.
Total thickness of skin without subcutaneous fat
varies from bits of a millimeter to 4 mm.
Exiting systems for NLS-diagnostics (“Metatron”-4019)
are equipped with high-frequency linear generators (1.4 GHz) allowing to
visualize the most superficial structures, in particular skin. However to
evaluate condition of ultrafine structures of skin such frequency is not enough
sometimes. That is why dermatologists started to use special devices with
sensors of 40 GHz operating frequency, which allow to see the finest structures
of skin layers down to the level of large carbohydrate molecules and peptides.
But at the same time due to significant cost of such equipment if becomes
unaffordable for wide application in the majority of clinics. Taking into
account a need in evaluation of regional lymph nodes and tumors of soft tissues,
apparently the optimal decision is to use devices for non-linear diagnostics
equipped with non-linear sensors of 4.9 GHz operating frequency
(“Metatron”-4025, the IPP, Russia).
“Metatron”-4025 system has axial resolution of 30 µm.
Application of this device allows to study epidermis on cellular and
sub-cellular levels.
Nowadays objectives and limits of three-dimensional
NLS-ultramicroscanning research in dermatology have become very
broad.
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